The lecture-based teaching method involves the teacher presenting information in a structured manner, typically through oral delivery, supported by visual aids like slides, charts, or videos. This method is widely used in higher education for its efficiency in covering large amounts of content in a short amount of time. However, it can sometimes lead to passive learning if students do not actively engage with the material.

Discussion-based teaching encourages active student participation through group discussions or debates. Teachers facilitate the conversation by posing questions or guiding the discussion, promoting critical thinking and deeper understanding. This approach allows students to express their views, challenge assumptions, and learn from their peers' perspectives, fostering a more engaging and interactive classroom environment.

Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered approach where learners actively explore real-world problems and challenges over an extended period. Through research, collaboration, and hands-on work, students create a final product or presentation that demonstrates their understanding of the topic. This method emphasizes problem-solving, teamwork, and practical application of knowledge, helping students develop skills that are valuable in real-world settings.

The flipped classroom methodology reverses traditional learning by having students first engage with content at home, typically through videos, readings, or other online resources. Class time is then used for interactive activities such as discussions, problem-solving exercises, and group work. This approach encourages students to take responsibility for their learning and allows teachers to use in-class time more effectively for reinforcing concepts and providing individualized support.

Differentiated instruction involves tailoring teaching strategies and content to accommodate the diverse learning needs, abilities, and interests of students. Teachers may use varied instructional methods, resources, and groupings to ensure all students have access to meaningful learning experiences. This approach helps address the individual learning styles of students, promoting inclusivity and supporting learners at different levels, although it can be time-consuming and challenging to implement effectively.